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Logic gates are very important in computing. Without logic gates, processors and many electronic devices would not be possible. Many developers and engineers are trying to design logic gates using other materials. This research may help to invent a smaller, more inexpensive, or faster processor. In 2013, scientists have finished making biological logic gates.
March 28, 2013 was the day that a Stanford University team of bioengineers led by Professor Drew Endy finished their revolutionary work. They invented a biological equivalent of a transistor called a "transcriptor". Stanford University released this invention to the Public Domain; thus, helping to promote this technology. This also begins the idea (started by Prof. Endy) of "open-source biology".
Logic gates made of DNA or RNA are called Boolean Integrase Logic (BIL) gates. While silicon transistors control the flow of electrons, these DNA/RNA based transistors (transcriptors) control the flow of polymerase molecules. These transcriptors are compatible with serine recombinases.
Below, the nucleic acid codes for each BIL gate (made by Professor Drew Endy <[email protected]>). A single letter represents a nucleotide which is a monomer (subunit) of a larger organic molecule.
- a - (Purine) Adenine
- c - (Pyrimidine) Cytosine
- g - (Purine) Guanine
- t - (Pyrimidine) Thymine
OR
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggcccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttatatcgtggtttgtctggtcaaccaccgcggtctcagtggtgtacggtacaaacccgcgagtttttatttcgtttatttcaattaaggtaactaaaaaactccttt
NOR
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgctataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctggaaaggagttttttagttaccttaattgaaataaacgaaataaaaactcgctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggctttcttttgggtatagcgtcgtggacagtcattcatctttctgcccctccaaaagcaaaaacccgccgaagcgggtttttacgtaaatcaggtgaaactgaccgataagccgggggtttgtaccgtacaccactgagaccgcggtggttgaccagacaaaccacga
AND
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgcccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttataaaaggagttttttagttaccttaattgaaataaacgaaataaaaactcgcgctagctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggcccggcttatcggtcagtttcacctgatttacgtaaaaacccgcttcggcgggtttttgcttttggaggggcagaaagatgaatgactgtccacgacgctatacccaaaagaaagggtttgtaccgtacaccactgagaccgcggtggttgaccagacaaaccacga
NAND
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgctataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctggaaaggagttttttagttaccttaattgaaataaacgaaataaaaactcgctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggcttgacaattaatcatccggctcgtagggtttgtggagggtttgtaccgtacaccactgagaccgcggtggttgaccagacaaaccacga
XOR
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggccatatgccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttataatgcatgggtttgtaccgtacaccactgagaccgcggtggttgaccagacaaaccacgaaaaggagttttttagttaccttaattgaaataaacgaaataaaaactcgc
XNOR
atgccaacacaattaacatctcaatcaaggtaaatgctttttgctttttttgctcggccggcttgtcgacgacggcggtctccgtcgtcaggatcatccgggctataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctgggggtttgtaccgtacaccactgagaccgcggtggttgaccagacaaaccacgaaaaggagttttttagttaccttaattgaaataaacgaaataaaaactcgc
OR_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttataGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTCTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCtccacaaaccctacgagccggatgattaattgtcaaGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGA
NOR_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGtataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctggGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTCGCTAGCTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCtttcttttgggtatagcgtcgtggacagtcattcatctttctgcccctccaaaagcaaaaacccgccgaagcgggtttttacgtaaatcaggtgaaactgaccgataagccggGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGA
AND_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttataGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTCGCTAGCTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCccggcttatcggtcagtttcacctgatttacgtaaaaacccgcttcggcgggtttttgcttttggaggggcagaaagatgaatgactgtccacgacgctatacccaaaagaaaGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGA
NAND_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGtataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctggGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTCTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCttgacaattaatcatccggctcgtagggtttgtggaGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGA
XOR_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCcatatgccaggcatcaaataaaacgaaaggctcagtcgaaagactgggcctttcgttttatctgttgtttgtcggtgaacgctctctactagagtcacactggctcaccttcgggtgggcctttctgcgtttataatgcatGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGAGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTC
XNOR_RW
ATGCCAACACAATTAACATCTCAATTAAGGTAACTAAAAAACTCCTTTTAAGGTCGGCCGGCTTGTCGACGACGGCGGTCTCAGTGGTGTACGGTACAAACCCcatatgtataaacgcagaaaggcccacccgaaggtgagccagtgtgactctagtagagagcgttcaccgacaaacaacagataaaacgaaaggcccagtctttcgactgagcctttcgttttatttgatgcctggatgcatGCCCGGATGATCCTGACGACGGAGACCGCGGTGGTTGACCAGACAAACCACGAGCAAAAAAAGCAAAAAGCATTTACCTTGATTGAAATAAACGAAATAAAAACTC
Further Reading
- BIL Gates (BioBricks Foundation) - https://biobricks.org/bpa/contributions/57/
- Introductory Microprocessor Concepts - https://dcjtech.info/topic/introductory-microprocessor-concepts/
